![]() After the commercial agreement of December 1952, Japan and Italy were unable to renew the agreement in the following years until 1962. CrossRef Google Scholar Among non–European car producers, the case of Japan is interesting since the difficulties registered in the second half of the 1950s in stipulating any land of commercial agreement with Italy were reflected in the almost non-existent car trade. See Cusumano, Michael A., The Japanese Automobile Industry ( Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 7. Google Scholar Perhaps a parallel could be drawn with Japan, which reduced the level of car imports to 1 percent of new vehicles sales by 1960 and remained at this level for more than twenty years. ![]() ![]() ![]() See Demaria, Giovanni, “ Alcune leggi quasi naturali per l'industria automobilistica in fase di allargamento spaziale dei suoi mercati,” in Automobilismo industriale 34 ( 1958): 12– 14. 112 The tariff on extra-EEC car imports ranged around 29 percent, while quantitative restrictions were maintained by Italy, France and Benelux at 3 percent of national production in 1959, and at 4 percent and 5 percent in the two following years.
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